CVE-2018-9336
openvpnserv.exe (aka the interactive service helper) in OpenVPN 2.4.x before 2.4.6 allows a local attacker to cause a double-free of memory by sending a malformed request to the interactive service.…
All CVEs associated with "Memory Corruption". Page 32/71 • 8498 CVEs.
Subscribe CVEs: RSS for “Memory Corruption” · RSS (High+Critical only)
A curated feed of “Memory Corruption”-related CVEs appears below. We currently track 8498 CVEs for this tag (all time). In the last 365 days, 696 were published. Average CVSS is 8.1 (all time; 7.4 over 365d), and 82% are rated High/Critical (all time). Top CWEs (last 365 days): CWE-119 - Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer, CWE-787 - Out-of-bounds Write, CWE-416 - Use After Free.
In our taxonomy this topic maps to a HIGH impact class. Common exploitation patterns for this weakness can lead to high. Use the filters to triage high risk first and validate exposure in your environment. Use the filters below to sort by CVSS, risk and CWE. Each detail page highlights vendor advisories and mitigation tips.
CVEs tagged with this topic. Filters apply to the whole list (loaded from JSON).
openvpnserv.exe (aka the interactive service helper) in OpenVPN 2.4.x before 2.4.6 allows a local attacker to cause a double-free of memory by sending a malformed request to the interactive service.…
An exploitable heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the read_legacy_biff function of FreeXL 1.0.3. A specially crafted XLS file can cause a memory corruption resulting in remote code ex…
An exploitable heap based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the 'read_biff_next_record function' of FreeXL 1.0.3. A specially crafted XLS file can cause a memory corruption resulting in remote…
A remote out of bound write vulnerability exists in the TIFF parsing functionality of Core PHOTO-PAINT X8 18.1.0.661. A specially crafted TIFF file can cause a vulnerability resulting in potential me…
A remote out of bound write vulnerability exists in the TIFF parsing functionality of Core PHOTO-PAINT X8 version 18.1.0.661. A specially crafted TIFF file can cause a vulnerability resulting in pote…
An exploitable integer overflow vulnerability exists in the xls_preparseWorkSheet function of libxls 1.4 when handling a MULRK record. A specially crafted XLS file can cause a memory corruption resul…
An exploitable integer overflow vulnerability exists in the xls_preparseWorkSheet function of libxls 1.4 when handling a MULBLANK record. A specially crafted XLS file can cause a memory corruption re…
An memory corruption vulnerability exists in the .PCX parsing functionality of Computerinsel Photoline 20.02. A specially crafted .PCX file can cause a vulnerability resulting in potential code execu…
An exploitable double fetch vulnerability exists in the SboxDrv.sys driver functionality of Invincea-X 6.1.3-24058. A specially crafted input buffer and race condition can result in kernel memory cor…
An of bound write / memory corruption vulnerability exists in the GIF parsing functionality of Core PHOTO-PAINT X8 18.1.0.661. A specially crafted GIF file can cause a vulnerability resulting in pote…
An exploitable memory corruption vulnerability exists in the JBIG2 parser of Artifex MuPDF 1.9. A specially crafted PDF can cause a negative number to be passed to a memset resulting in memory corrup…
An exploitable heap out of bounds write vulnerability exists in the Fitz graphical library part of the MuPDF renderer. A specially crafted PDF file can cause a out of bounds write resulting in heap m…
OpenSLP releases in the 1.0.2 and 1.1.0 code streams have a heap-related memory corruption issue which may manifest itself as a denial-of-service or a remote code-execution vulnerability.
A remote code execution vulnerability exists when Internet Explorer improperly accesses objects in memory, aka "Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability." This affects Internet Explorer 11,…
In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Automobile, Snapdragon Mobile, and Snapdragon Wear MDM9206, MDM9607, MDM9635M, MDM9640, MDM9645, MDM9650, MDM9655,…
In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Mobile and Snapdragon Wear MDM9206, MDM9607, MDM9650, MSM8909W, SD 210/SD 212/SD 205, SD 400, SD 410/12, SD 425, SD…
In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Mobile SD 210/SD 212/SD 205, SD 410/12, SD 425, SD 427, SD 430, SD 435, SD 450, SD 615/16/SD 415, SD 617, SD 625, S…
In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Mobile and Snapdragon Wear MDM9206, MDM9607, MDM9615, MDM9625, MDM9635M, MDM9640, MDM9645, MDM9650, MDM9655, MSM890…
In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Small Cell SoC, Snapdragon Mobile, and Snapdragon Wear FSM9055, IPQ4019, IPQ8064, MDM9206, MDM9607, MDM9635M, MDM9640, MDM9650…
In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Automobile, Snapdragon Mobile, and Snapdragon Wear MDM9635M, MDM9640, MDM9645, MSM8909W, SD 210/SD 212/SD 205, SD 4…
In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Mobile and Snapdragon Wear IPQ4019, MDM9206, MDM9607, MDM9615, MDM9625, MDM9635M, MSM8909W, SD 210/SD 212/SD 205, S…
In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Automobile, Snapdragon Mobile, and Snapdragon Wear MDM9206, MDM9650, SD 210/SD 212/SD 205, SD 410/12, SD 425, SD 43…
In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Automobile, Snapdragon Mobile, and Snapdragon Wear MDM9206, MDM9650, SD 210/SD 212/SD 205, SD 410/12, SD 425, SD 43…
In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Automobile, Snapdragon Mobile, and Snapdragon Wear MDM9206, MDM9650, SD 210/SD 212/SD 205, SD 410/12, SD 425, SD 43…
In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Mobile SD 410/12, SD 617, SD 650/52, SD 800, SD 808, and SD 810, missing of return value check in memscpy can cause…
In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Mobile and Snapdragon Wear MDM9206, MDM9607, MDM9635M, MSM8909W, SD 210/SD 212/SD 205, SD 400, SD 410/12, SD 425, S…
A remote code execution vulnerability exists in the way that Microsoft browsers access objects in memory, aka "Microsoft Browser Memory Corruption Vulnerability." This affects Microsoft Edge, ChakraC…
A remote code execution vulnerability exists when Internet Explorer improperly accesses objects in memory, aka "Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability." This affects Internet Explorer 9, I…
A remote code execution vulnerability exists in the way that the Chakra scripting engine handles objects in memory in Microsoft Edge, aka "Chakra Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability." Th…
A remote code execution vulnerability exists when Internet Explorer improperly accesses objects in memory, aka "Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability." This affects Internet Explorer 11.…
A remote code execution vulnerability exists in the way that the scripting engine handles objects in memory in Internet Explorer, aka "Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability." This affects…
A remote code execution vulnerability exists when Internet Explorer improperly accesses objects in memory, aka "Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability." This affects Internet Explorer 11.…
A remote code execution vulnerability exists in the way that the scripting engine handles objects in memory in Internet Explorer, aka "Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability." This affects…
A remote code execution vulnerability exists in the way that the Chakra scripting engine handles objects in memory in Microsoft Edge, aka "Chakra Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability." Th…
A remote code execution vulnerability exists in the way that the Chakra scripting engine handles objects in memory in Microsoft Edge, aka "Chakra Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability." Th…
A remote code execution vulnerability exists in the way that the Chakra scripting engine handles objects in memory in Microsoft Edge, aka "Chakra Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability." Th…
A remote code execution vulnerability exists when Internet Explorer improperly accesses objects in memory, aka "Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability." This affects Internet Explorer 11,…
A remote code execution vulnerability exists in the way that the Chakra scripting engine handles objects in memory in Microsoft Edge, aka "Chakra Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability." Th…
A remote code execution vulnerability exists in the way that the scripting engine handles objects in memory in Internet Explorer, aka "Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability." This affects…
A remote code execution vulnerability exists in the way that the Chakra scripting engine handles objects in memory in Microsoft Edge, aka "Chakra Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability." Th…
A remote code execution vulnerability exists in the way that the Chakra scripting engine handles objects in memory in Microsoft Edge, aka "Chakra Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability." Th…
A remote code execution vulnerability exists when Internet Explorer improperly accesses objects in memory, aka "Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability." This affects Internet Explorer 11.…
A memory corruption vulnerability exists in the PCX-parsing functionality of Computerinsel Photoline 20.53. A specially crafted PCX image processed via the application can lead to an out-of-bounds wr…
A memory corruption vulnerability exists in the PCX-parsing functionality of Computerinsel Photoline 20.53. A specially crafted PCX image processed via the application can lead to an out-of-bounds wr…
A memory corruption vulnerability exists in the PCX-parsing functionality of Computerinsel Photoline 20.53. A specially crafted PCX image processed via the application can lead to an out-of-bounds wr…
The caml_ba_deserialize function in byterun/bigarray.c in the standard library in OCaml 4.06.0 has an integer overflow which, in situations where marshalled data is accepted from an untrusted source,…
A remote code execution vulnerability exists when the Microsoft Malware Protection Engine does not properly scan a specially crafted file, leading to memory corruption, aka "Microsoft Malware Protect…
remctld in remctl before 3.14, when an attacker is authorized to execute a command that uses the sudo option, has a use-after-free that leads to a daemon crash, memory corruption, or arbitrary comman…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected.…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected.…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected.…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected.…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. macOS before 10.13.4 is affected. tvOS before 11.3 is affected. watchOS before 4.3 is affected. The issue involves the…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected.…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. macOS before 10.13.4 is affected. tvOS before 11.3 is affected. watchOS before 4.3 is affected. The issue involves the…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. macOS before 10.13.4 is affected. The issue involves the "kext tools" component. It allows attackers to execute arbitrary code in a privileged conte…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. macOS before 10.13.4 is affected. The issue involves the "IOFireWireFamily" component. It allows attackers to execute arbitrary code in a privileged…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. macOS before 10.13.4 is affected. The issue involves the "Intel Graphics Driver" component. It allows attackers to execute arbitrary code in a privi…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected.…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected.…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected.…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected.…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected.…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.2.6 is affected. macOS before 10.13.3 Supplemental Update is affected. tvOS before 11.2.6 is affected. watchOS before 4.2.3 is affecte…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected.…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected.…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected.…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected.…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected.…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected.…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.2.5 is affected. tvOS before 11.2.5 is affected. watchOS before 4.2.2 is affected. The issue involves the "Graphics Driver" component.…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected.…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. macOS before 10.13.3 is affected. The issue involves the "IOHIDFamily" component. It allows attackers to execute arbitrary code in a privileged cont…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.2.5 is affected. macOS before 10.13.3 is affected. Safari before 11.0.3 is affected. iCloud before 7.3 on Windows is affected. iTunes…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.2.5 is affected. tvOS before 11.2.5 is affected. watchOS before 4.2.2 is affected. The issue involves the "Core Bluetooth" component.…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.2.5 is affected. macOS before 10.13.3 is affected. tvOS before 11.2.5 is affected. watchOS before 4.2.2 is affected. The issue involve…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.2.5 is affected. macOS before 10.13.3 is affected. Safari before 11.0.3 is affected. tvOS before 11.2.5 is affected. The issue involve…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.2.5 is affected. macOS before 10.13.3 is affected. Safari before 11.0.3 is affected. iCloud before 7.3 on Windows is affected. iTunes…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.2.5 is affected. tvOS before 11.2.5 is affected. watchOS before 4.2.2 is affected. The issue involves the "Core Bluetooth" component.…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.2.5 is affected. macOS before 10.13.3 is affected. tvOS before 11.2.5 is affected. watchOS before 4.2.2 is affected. The issue involve…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. macOS before 10.13.3 is affected. The issue involves the "Touch Bar Support" component. It allows attackers to execute arbitrary code in a privilege…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.2.5 is affected. macOS before 10.13.3 is affected. tvOS before 11.2.5 is affected. watchOS before 4.2.2 is affected. The issue involve…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.2 is affected. macOS before 10.13.2 is affected. iCloud before 7.2 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.2 on Windows is affected…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.2 is affected. macOS before 10.13.2 is affected. tvOS before 11.2 is affected. watchOS before 4.2 is affected. The issue involves the…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.2 is affected. Safari before 11.0.2 is affected. iCloud before 7.2 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.2 on Windows is affected…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Safari before 10.1 is affected. The issue involves the "WebKit" component. It allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 10.3.3 is affected. tvOS before 10.2.2 is affected. The issue involves the "Wi-Fi" component. It allows attackers to cause a denial of se…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 10.3.3 is affected. macOS before 10.12.6 is affected. tvOS before 10.2.2 is affected. The issue involves the "Wi-Fi" component. It allows…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 10.3.2 is affected. Safari before 10.1.1 is affected. tvOS before 10.2.1 is affected. The issue involves the "JavaScriptCore" component.…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 10.3.2 is affected. macOS before 10.12.5 is affected. The issue involves the "SQLite" component. It allows remote attackers to execute ar…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 10.3.2 is affected. macOS before 10.12.5 is affected. The issue involves the "SQLite" component. It allows remote attackers to execute ar…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 10.3.2 is affected. macOS before 10.12.5 is affected. The issue involves the "SQLite" component. It allows remote attackers to execute ar…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.2 is affected. macOS before 10.13.2 is affected. tvOS before 11.2 is affected. watchOS before 4.2 is affected. The issue involves the…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.2 is affected. Safari before 11.0.2 is affected. iCloud before 7.2 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.2 on Windows is affected…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.2 is affected. Safari before 11.0.2 is affected. iCloud before 7.2 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.2 on Windows is affected…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11 is affected. macOS before 10.13 is affected. tvOS before 11 is affected. watchOS before 4 is affected. The issue involves the "Kernel"…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. macOS before 10.12.6 is affected. The issue involves the "AppleGraphicsControl" component. It allows attackers to execute arbitrary code in a privil…
An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. macOS before 10.12.6 is affected. The issue involves the "Font Importer" component. It allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory…
ChakraCore and Microsoft Windows 10 1703 and 1709 allow remote code execution, due to how the Chakra scripting engine handles objects in memory, aka "Chakra Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnera…
ChakraCore and Microsoft Windows 10 1709 allow remote code execution, due to how the Chakra scripting engine handles objects in memory, aka "Chakra Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability".…
Internet Explorer in Microsoft Windows 7 SP1, Windows Server 2008 and R2 SP1, Windows 8.1 and Windows RT 8.1, Windows Server 2012 and R2, Windows 10 Gold, 1511, 1607, 1703, 1709, and Windows Server 2…
ChakraCore and Microsoft Windows 10 Gold, 1511, 1607, 1703, 1709, and Windows Server 2016 allows remote code execution, due to how the Chakra scripting engine handles objects in memory, aka "Chakra S…
ChakraCore and Microsoft Windows 10 Gold, 1511, 1607, 1703, 1709, and Windows Server 2016 allows remote code execution, due to how the Chakra scripting engine handles objects in memory, aka "Chakra S…
ChakraCore and Microsoft Windows 10 Gold, 1511, 1607, 1703, 1709, and Windows Server 2016 allows remote code execution, due to how the Chakra scripting engine handles objects in memory, aka "Chakra S…
ChakraCore and Microsoft Edge in Microsoft Windows 10 1709 allows remote code execution, due to how the Chakra scripting engine handles objects in memory, aka "Chakra Scripting Engine Memory Corrupti…
ChakraCore allows remote code execution, due to how the ChakraCore scripting engine handles objects in memory, aka "Scripting Engine Memory Corruption Vulnerability". This CVE ID is unique from CVE-2…
Microsoft Office 2010 SP2, 2013 SP1, and 2016, Microsoft Office 2016 Click-to-Run Microsoft Office 2016 for Mac, Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack SP2, Microsoft Office Web Apps 2010 SP2, Microsoft…
Microsoft Edge in Windows 10 Gold, 1511, 1607, 1703, 1709, and Windows Server 2016 allows remote code execution, due to how the scripting engine handles objects in memory, aka "Scripting Engine Memor…
Microsoft Edge in Windows 10 Gold, 1511, 1607, 1703, 1709, and Windows Server 2016 allows remote code execution, due to how the scripting engine handles objects in memory, aka "Scripting Engine Memor…
Microsoft Edge in Windows 10 Gold, 1511, 1607, 1703, 1709, and Windows Server 2016 allows remote code execution, due to how the scripting engine handles objects in memory, aka "Scripting Engine Memor…
ChakraCore and Microsoft Edge in Microsoft Windows 10 Gold, 1511, 1607, 1703, 1709, and Windows Server 2016 allows remote code execution, due to how the Chakra scripting engine handles objects in mem…
ChakraCore and Microsoft Edge in Microsoft Windows 10 1511, 1607, 1703, 1709, and Windows Server 2016 allows remote code execution, due to how the Chakra scripting engine handles objects in memory, a…
ChakraCore and Microsoft Edge in Microsoft Windows 10 Gold, 1511, 1607, 1703, 1709, and Windows Server 2016 allows remote code execution, due to how the Chakra scripting engine handles objects in mem…
In the Linux kernel before 4.12, Hisilicon Network Subsystem (HNS) does not consider the ETH_SS_PRIV_FLAGS case when retrieving sset_count data, which allows local users to cause a denial of service…
xvpng.c in xv 3.10a has memory corruption (out-of-bounds write) when decoding PNG comment fields, leading to crashes or potentially code execution, because it uses an incorrect length value.
Adobe Shockwave Player before 11.6.4.634 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2012-0…
Internet Explorer in Microsoft Windows 7 SP1, Windows Server 2008 and R2 SP1, Windows 8.1 and Windows RT 8.1, Windows Server 2012 and R2, Windows 10 Gold, 1511, 1607, 1703, 1709, and Windows Server 2…
Microsoft Edge in Microsoft Windows 10 1607, 1703, and Windows Server 2016 allows remote code execution, due to how the scripting engine handles objects in memory, aka "Scripting Engine Memory Corrup…
Microsoft Edge and ChakraCore in Microsoft Windows 10 Gold, 1511, 1607, 1703, 1709, and Windows Server 2016 allows remote code execution, due to how the scripting engine handles objects in memory, ak…
Microsoft Edge and ChakraCore in Microsoft Windows 10 Gold, 1511, 1607, 1703, 1709, and Windows Server 2016 allows remote code execution, due to how the scripting engine handles objects in memory, ak…