About “Microsoft Windows”

A curated feed of “Microsoft Windows”-related CVEs appears below. We currently track 14514 CVEs for this tag (all time). In the last 365 days, 1680 were published. Average CVSS is 7.3 (all time; 7.2 over 365d), and 66% are rated High/Critical (all time). Top CWEs (last 365 days): CWE-416 - Use After Free, CWE-122 - Heap-based Buffer Overflow, CWE-362 - Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization ('Race Condition').

In our taxonomy this topic maps to a MODERATE impact class. Issues here typically affect operating system packages or kernels. Plan reboots or service restarts and coordinate rollouts across fleets. Use the filters below to sort by CVSS, risk and CWE. Each detail page highlights vendor advisories and mitigation tips.

CVEs tagged with this topic. Filters apply to the whole list (loaded from JSON).

CVSS ≥ 0.0
2001-08-02
Medium

CVE-2001-1116

Identix BioLogon 2.03 and earlier does not lock secondary displays on a multi-monitor system running Windows 98 or ME, which allows an attacker with physical access to the system to bypass authentica…

2001-07-30
Medium

CVE-2001-1055

The Microsoft Windows network stack allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (CPU consumption) via a flood of malformed ARP request packets with random source IP and MAC addresses, as dem…

2001-07-27
Low

CVE-2001-1288

Windows 2000 and Windows NT allows local users to cause a denial of service (reboot) by executing a command at the command prompt and pressing the F7 and enter keys several times while the command is…

2001-07-21
Medium

CVE-2001-0018

Windows 2000 domain controller in Windows 2000 Server, Advanced Server, or Datacenter Server allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via a flood of malformed service requests.

Medium

CVE-2001-0345

Microsoft Windows 2000 telnet service allows attackers to prevent idle Telnet sessions from timing out, causing a denial of service by creating a large number of idle sessions.

Medium

CVE-2001-0346

Handle leak in Microsoft Windows 2000 telnet service allows attackers to cause a denial of service by starting a large number of sessions and terminating them.

High

CVE-2001-0347

Information disclosure vulnerability in Microsoft Windows 2000 telnet service allows remote attackers to determine the existence of user accounts such as Guest, or log in to the server without specif…

Medium

CVE-2001-0348

Microsoft Windows 2000 telnet service allows attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) via a long logon command that contains a backspace.

High

CVE-2001-0349

Microsoft Windows 2000 telnet service creates named pipes with predictable names and does not properly verify them, which allows local users to execute arbitrary commands by creating a named pipe wit…

Medium

CVE-2001-0350

Microsoft Windows 2000 telnet service creates named pipes with predictable names and does not properly verify them, which allows local users to execute arbitrary commands by creating a named pipe wit…

Low

CVE-2001-0351

Microsoft Windows 2000 telnet service allows a local user to make a certain system call that allows the user to terminate a Telnet session and cause a denial of service.

Medium

CVE-2001-0502

Running Windows 2000 LDAP Server over SSL, a function does not properly check the permissions of a user request when the directory principal is a domain user and the data attribute is the domain pass…

Medium

CVE-2001-0513

Oracle listener process on Windows NT redirects connection requests to another port and creates a separate thread to process the request, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service by…

2001-07-18
Low

CVE-2001-1302

The change password option in the Windows Security interface for Windows 2000 allows attackers to use the option to attempt to change passwords of other users on other systems or identify valid accou…

2001-07-16
High

CVE-2001-1238

Task Manager in Windows 2000 does not allow local users to end processes with uppercase letters named (1) winlogon.exe, (2) csrss.exe, (3) smss.exe and (4) services.exe via the Process tab which coul…

2001-06-27
Critical

CVE-2001-0241

Buffer overflow in Internet Printing ISAPI extension in Windows 2000 allows remote attackers to gain root privileges via a long print request that is passed to the extension through IIS 5.0.

High

CVE-2001-0242

Buffer overflows in Microsoft Windows Media Player 7 and earlier allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via (1) a long version tag in an .ASX file, or (2) a long banner tag, a variant o…

Medium

CVE-2001-0243

Windows Media Player 7 and earlier stores Internet shortcuts in a user's Temporary Files folder with a fixed filename instead of in the Internet Explorer cache, which causes the HTML in those shortcu…

Medium

CVE-2001-0245

Microsoft Index Server 2.0 in Windows NT 4.0, and Indexing Service in Windows 2000, allows remote attackers to read server-side include files via a malformed search request, aka a new variant of the…

Medium

CVE-2001-0364

SSH Communications Security sshd 2.4 for Windows allows remote attackers to create a denial of service via a large number of simultaneous connections.

2001-06-18
Low

CVE-2001-0265

ASCII Armor parser in Windows PGP 7.0.3 and earlier allows attackers to create files in arbitrary locations via a malformed ASCII armored file.

Low

CVE-2001-0373

The default configuration of the Dr. Watson program in Windows NT and Windows 2000 generates user.dmp crash dump files with world-readable permissions, which could allow a local user to gain access t…

High

CVE-2001-0382

Computer Associates CCC\Harvest 5.0 for Windows NT/2000 uses weak encryption for passwords, which allows a remote attacker to gain privileges on the application.

2001-06-02
High

CVE-2001-0148

The WMP ActiveX Control in Windows Media Player 7 allows remote attackers to execute commands in Internet Explorer via javascript URLs, a variant of the "Frame Domain Verification" vulnerability.

Medium

CVE-2001-0149

Windows Scripting Host in Internet Explorer 5.5 and earlier allows remote attackers to read arbitrary files via the GetObject Javascript function and the htmlfile ActiveX object.

Low

CVE-2001-0261

Microsoft Windows 2000 Encrypted File System does not properly destroy backups of files that are encrypted, which allows a local attacker to recover the text of encrypted files.

2001-05-24
Medium

CVE-2001-1347

Windows 2000 allows local users to cause a denial of service and possibly gain privileges by setting a hardware breakpoint that is handled using global debug registers, which could cause other proces…

2001-05-12
Medium

CVE-2001-1342

Apache before 1.3.20 on Windows and OS/2 systems allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (GPF) via an HTTP request for a URI that contains a large number of / (slash) or other characters…

2001-05-03
Critical

CVE-2001-0147

Buffer overflow in Windows 2000 event viewer snap-in allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a malformed field that is improperly handled during the detailed view of event records.

Low

CVE-2001-0152

The password protection option for the Compressed Folders feature in Plus! for Windows 98 and Windows Me writes password information to a file, which allows local users to recover the passwords and r…

Critical

CVE-2001-0191

gnuserv before 3.12, as shipped with XEmacs, does not properly check the specified length of an X Windows MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE cookie, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a bu…

High

CVE-2001-0281

Format string vulnerability in DbgPrint function, used in debug messages for some Windows NT drivers (possibly when called through DebugMessage), may allow local users to gain privileges.

Low

CVE-2001-0324

Windows 98 and Windows 2000 Java clients allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service via a Java applet that opens a large number of UDP sockets, which prevents the host from establishing any…

2001-04-20
High

CVE-2001-1325

Internet Explorer 5.0 and 5.5, and Outlook Express 5.0 and 5.5, allow remote attackers to execute scripts when Active Scripting is disabled by including the scripts in XML stylesheets (XSL) that are…

2001-03-12
Medium

CVE-1999-0681

Buffer overflow in Microsoft FrontPage Server Extensions (PWS) 3.0.2.926 on Windows 95, and possibly other versions, allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via a long URL.

Medium

CVE-1999-0718

IBM GINA, when used for OS/2 domain authentication of Windows NT users, allows local users to gain administrator privileges by changing the GroupMapping registry key.

High

CVE-2001-0015

Network Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) in Windows 2000 allows local users to gain SYSTEM privileges via a "WM_COPYDATA" message to an invisible window that is running with the privileges of the WINLOGON…

Medium

CVE-2001-0017

Memory leak in PPTP server in Windows NT 4.0 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via a malformed data packet, aka the "Malformed PPTP Packet Stream" vulnerability.

Medium

CVE-2001-0137

Windows Media Player 7 allows remote attackers to execute malicious Java applets in Internet Explorer clients by enclosing the applet in a skin file named skin.wmz, then referencing that skin in the…

2001-02-16
Critical

CVE-2001-0045

The default permissions for the RAS Administration key in Windows NT 4.0 allows local users to execute arbitrary commands by changing the value to point to a malicious DLL, aka one of the "Registry P…

Medium

CVE-2001-0046

The default permissions for the SNMP Parameters registry key in Windows NT 4.0 allows remote attackers to read and possibly modify the SNMP community strings to obtain sensitive information or modify…

High

CVE-2001-0047

The default permissions for the MTS Package Administration registry key in Windows NT 4.0 allows local users to install or modify arbitrary Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS) packages and gain privil…

2001-02-12
Medium

CVE-2001-0003

Web Extender Client (WEC) in Microsoft Office 2000, Windows 2000, and Windows Me does not properly process Internet Explorer security settings for NTLM authentication, which allows attackers to obtai…

High

CVE-2001-0006

The Winsock2ProtocolCatalogMutex mutex in Windows NT 4.0 has inappropriate Everyone/Full Control permissions, which allows local users to modify the permissions to "No Access" and disable Winsock net…

Medium

CVE-2001-0014

Remote Data Protocol (RDP) in Windows 2000 Terminal Service does not properly handle certain malformed packets, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service, aka the "Invalid RDP Data"…

Medium

CVE-2001-0083

Windows Media Unicast Service in Windows Media Services 4.0 and 4.1 does not properly shut down some types of connections, producing a memory leak that allows remote attackers to cause a denial of se…

2001-01-09
Medium

CVE-2000-1105

The ixsso.query ActiveX Object is marked as safe for scripting, which allows malicious web site operators to embed a script that remotely determines the existence of files on visiting Windows 2000 sy…

Medium

CVE-2000-1111

Telnet Service for Windows 2000 Professional does not properly terminate incomplete connection attempts, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service by connecting to the server and not…

Medium

CVE-2000-1112

Microsoft Windows Media Player 7 executes scripts in custom skin (.WMS) files, which could allow remote attackers to gain privileges via a skin that contains a malicious script, aka the ".WMS Script…

High

CVE-2000-1113

Buffer overflow in Microsoft Windows Media Player allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a malformed Active Stream Redirector (.ASX) file, aka the ".ASX Buffer Overrun" vulnerabili…

High

CVE-2000-1149

Buffer overflow in RegAPI.DLL used by Windows NT 4.0 Terminal Server allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a long username, aka the "Terminal Server Login Buffer Overflow" vulnera…

2000-12-31
Medium

CVE-2000-1227

Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 2000 hosts allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (unavailable connections) by sending multiple SMB SMBnegprots requests but not reading the response that is s…

2000-12-19
Medium

CVE-2000-0929

Microsoft Windows Media Player 7 allows attackers to cause a denial of service in RTF-enabled email clients via an embedded OCX control that is not closed properly, aka the "OCX Attachment" vulnerabi…

Medium

CVE-2000-0933

The Input Method Editor (IME) in the Simplified Chinese version of Windows 2000 does not disable access to privileged functionality that should normally be restricted, which allows local users to gai…

Medium

CVE-2000-0942

The CiWebHitsFile component in Microsoft Indexing Services for Windows 2000 allows remote attackers to conduct a cross site scripting (CSS) attack via a CiRestriction parameter in a .htw request, aka…

Medium

CVE-2000-0979

File and Print Sharing service in Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Me does not properly check the password for a file share, which allows remote attackers to bypass share access controls by sendin…

High

CVE-2000-0991

Buffer overflow in Hilgraeve, Inc. HyperTerminal client on Windows 98, ME, and 2000 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a long telnet URL, aka the "HyperTerminal Buffer Overflow…

2000-12-14
Medium

CVE-1999-1579

The Cenroll ActiveX control (xenroll.dll) for Terminal Server Editions of Windows NT 4.0 and Windows NT Server 4.0 before SP6 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (resource consumptio…

2000-12-11
Low

CVE-2000-1003

NETBIOS client in Windows 95 and Windows 98 allows a remote attacker to cause a denial of service by changing a file sharing service to return an unknown driver type, which causes the client to crash.

Critical

CVE-2000-1034

Buffer overflow in the System Monitor ActiveX control in Windows 2000 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a long LogFileName parameter in HTML source code, aka the "ActiveX Para…

High

CVE-2000-1059

The default configuration of the Xsession file in Mandrake Linux 7.1 and 7.0 bypasses the Xauthority access control mechanism with an "xhost + localhost" command, which allows local users to sniff X…

Medium

CVE-2000-1060

The default configuration of XFCE 3.5.1 bypasses the Xauthority access control mechanism with an "xhost + localhost" command in the xinitrc program, which allows local users to sniff X Windows traffi…

Critical

CVE-2000-1071

The GUI installation for iCal 2.1 Patch 2 disables access control for the X server using an "xhost +" command, which allows remote attackers to monitor X Windows events and gain privileges.

2000-11-21
Medium

CVE-2000-1217

Microsoft Windows 2000 before Service Pack 2 (SP2), when running in a non-Windows 2000 domain and using NTLM authentication, and when credentials of an account are locally cached, allows local users…

2000-11-14
Medium

CVE-2000-0830

annclist.exe in webTV for Windows allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service by via a large, malformed UDP packet to ports 22701 through 22705.

High

CVE-2000-0834

The Windows 2000 telnet client attempts to perform NTLM authentication by default, which allows remote attackers to capture and replay the NTLM challenge/response via a telnet:// URL that points to t…

Low

CVE-2000-0849

Race condition in Microsoft Windows Media server allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service in the Windows Media Unicast Service via a malformed request, aka the "Unicast Service Race Condi…

Medium

CVE-2000-0851

Buffer overflow in the Still Image Service in Windows 2000 allows local users to gain additional privileges via a long WM_USER message, aka the "Still Image Service Privilege Escalation" vulnerabilit…

Medium

CVE-2000-0858

Vulnerability in Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service in IIS by sending it a series of malformed requests which cause INETINFO.EXE to fail, aka the "Invalid U…

2000-10-20
Medium

CVE-2000-0737

The Service Control Manager (SCM) in Windows 2000 creates predictable named pipes, which allows a local user with console access to gain administrator privileges, aka the "Service Control Manager Nam…

Medium

CVE-2000-0742

The IPX protocol implementation in Microsoft Windows 95 and 98 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service by sending a ping packet with a source IP address that is a broadcast address, aka…

Low

CVE-2000-0771

Microsoft Windows 2000 allows local users to cause a denial of service by corrupting the local security policy via malformed RPC traffic, aka the "Local Security Policy Corruption" vulnerability.

Medium

CVE-2000-0790

The web-based folder display capability in Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.5 on Windows 98 allows local users to insert Trojan horse programs by modifying the Folder.htt file and using the InvokeVerb m…

2000-08-29
High

CVE-2000-1079

Interactions between the CIFS Browser Protocol and NetBIOS as implemented in Microsoft Windows 95, 98, NT, and 2000 allow remote attackers to modify dynamic NetBIOS name cache entries via a spoofed B…

2000-07-25
Medium

CVE-2000-0663

The registry entry for the Windows Shell executable (Explorer.exe) in Windows NT and Windows 2000 uses a relative path name, which allows local users to execute arbitrary commands by inserting a Troj…

2000-07-20
Medium

CVE-2000-0653

Microsoft Outlook Express allows remote attackers to monitor a user's email by creating a persistent browser link to the Outlook Express windows, aka the "Persistent Mail-Browser Link" vulnerability.

2000-07-01
Low

CVE-1999-0585

A Windows NT administrator account has the default name of Administrator.

2000-06-30
Medium

CVE-2000-0580

Windows 2000 Server allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service by sending a continuous stream of binary zeros to various TCP and UDP ports, which significantly increases the CPU utilization.

Medium

CVE-2000-0581

Windows 2000 Telnet Server allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service by sending a continuous stream of binary zeros, which causes the server to crash.

2000-06-29
Medium

CVE-2000-0612

Windows 95 and Windows 98 do not properly process spoofed ARP packets, which allows remote attackers to overwrite static entries in the cache table.

2000-06-15
Medium

CVE-2000-0475

Windows 2000 allows a local user process to access another user's desktop within the same windows station, aka the "Desktop Separation" vulnerability.

2000-06-08
Medium

CVE-2000-0377

The Remote Registry server in Windows NT 4.0 allows local authenticated users to cause a denial of service via a malformed request, which causes the winlogon process to fail, aka the "Remote Registry…

2000-06-05
Medium

CVE-2000-0544

Windows NT and Windows 2000 hosts allow a remote attacker to cause a denial of service via malformed DCE/RPC SMBwriteX requests that contain an invalid data length.

2000-06-01
Low

CVE-2000-0487

The Protected Store in Windows 2000 does not properly select the strongest encryption when available, which causes it to use a default of 40-bit encryption instead of 56-bit DES encryption, aka the "…

2000-05-31
Medium

CVE-2000-0505

The Apache 1.3.x HTTP server for Windows platforms allows remote attackers to list directory contents by requesting a URL containing a large number of / characters.

2000-05-30
Medium

CVE-2000-0495

Microsoft Windows Media Encoder allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via a malformed request, aka the "Malformed Windows Media Encoder Request" vulnerability.

2000-05-25
Medium

CVE-2000-0403

The CIFS Computer Browser service on Windows NT 4.0 allows a remote attacker to cause a denial of service by sending a large number of host announcement requests to the master browse tables, aka the…

2000-05-19
High

CVE-2000-0305

Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows NT 4.0, and Terminal Server systems allow a remote attacker to cause a denial of service by sending a large number of identical fragmented IP packets, ak…

2000-05-16
Medium

CVE-1999-0980

Windows NT Service Control Manager (SCM) allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via a malformed argument in a resource enumeration request.

2000-05-11
High

CVE-2000-0420

The default configuration of SYSKEY in Windows 2000 stores the startup key in the registry, which could allow an attacker tor ecover it and use it to decrypt Encrypted File System (EFS) data.

2000-05-02
Medium

CVE-2000-0347

Windows 95 and Windows 98 allow a remote attacker to cause a denial of service via a NetBIOS session request packet with a NULL source name.

2000-04-20
Low

CVE-2000-0311

The Windows 2000 domain controller allows a malicious user to modify Active Directory information by modifying an unprotected attribute, aka the "Mixed Object Access" vulnerability.

Medium

CVE-2000-0331

Buffer overflow in Microsoft command processor (CMD.EXE) for Windows NT and Windows 2000 allows a local user to cause a denial of service via a long environment variable, aka the "Malformed Environme…

2000-04-14
Critical

CVE-2000-1218

The default configuration for the domain name resolver for Microsoft Windows 98, NT 4.0, 2000, and XP sets the QueryIpMatching parameter to 0, which causes Windows to accept DNS updates from hosts th…

2000-04-12
High

CVE-2000-0259

The default permissions for the Cryptography\Offload registry key used by the OffloadModExpo in Windows NT 4.0 allows local users to obtain compromise the cryptographic keys of other users.

2000-04-11
High

CVE-1999-0701

After an unattended installation of Windows NT 4.0, an installation file could include sensitive information such as the local Administrator password.

2000-04-07
High

CVE-2000-0298

The unattended installation of Windows 2000 with the OEMPreinstall option sets insecure permissions for the All Users and Default Users directories.

2000-03-17
Medium

CVE-2000-0228

Microsoft Windows Media License Manager allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service by sending a malformed request that causes the manager to halt, aka the "Malformed Media License Request"…

2000-03-04
Medium

CVE-2000-0168

Microsoft Windows 9x operating systems allow an attacker to cause a denial of service via a pathname that includes file device names, aka the "DOS Device in Path Name" vulnerability.

2000-02-29
Medium

CVE-2000-0216

Microsoft email clients in Outlook, Exchange, and Windows Messaging automatically respond to Read Receipt and Delivery Receipt tags, which could allow an attacker to flood a mail system with response…

2000-02-23
Medium

CVE-2000-0211

The Windows Media server allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via a series of client handshake packets that are sent in an improper sequence, aka the "Misordered Windows Media Service…

2000-02-18
High

CVE-2000-0155

Windows NT Autorun executes the autorun.inf file on non-removable media, which allows local attackers to specify an alternate program to execute when other users access a drive.

2000-02-15
Critical

CVE-2000-0222

The installation for Windows 2000 does not activate the Administrator password until the system has rebooted, which allows remote attackers to connect to the ADMIN$ share without a password until the…

2000-02-14
Medium

CVE-2000-0197

The Windows NT scheduler uses the drive mapping of the interactive user who is currently logged onto the system, which allows the local user to gain privileges by providing a Trojan horse batch file…

2000-02-04
Low

CVE-2000-0089

The rdisk utility in Microsoft Terminal Server Edition and Windows NT 4.0 stores registry hive information in a temporary file with permissions that allow local users to read it, aka the "RDISK Regis…

2000-02-01
Low

CVE-2000-0121

The Recycle Bin utility in Windows NT and Windows 2000 allows local users to read or modify files by creating a subdirectory with the victim's SID in the recycler directory, aka the "Recycle Bin Crea…

2000-01-20
Low

CVE-1999-0595

A Windows NT system does not clear the system page file during shutdown, which might allow sensitive information to be recorded.

2000-01-12
High

CVE-2000-0070

NtImpersonateClientOfPort local procedure call in Windows NT 4.0 allows local users to gain privileges, aka "Spoofed LPC Port Request."

1999-12-31
Medium

CVE-1999-0815

Memory leak in SNMP agent in Windows NT 4.0 before SP5 allows remote attackers to conduct a denial of service (memory exhaustion) via a large number of queries.

Medium

CVE-1999-1104

Windows 95 uses weak encryption for the password list (.pwl) file used when password caching is enabled, which allows local users to gain privileges by decrypting the passwords.

Medium

CVE-1999-1105

Windows 95, when Remote Administration and File Sharing for NetWare Networks is enabled, creates a share (C$) when an administrator logs in remotely, which allows remote attackers to read arbitrary f…

High

CVE-1999-1127

Windows NT 4.0 does not properly shut down invalid named pipe RPC connections, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (resource exhaustion) via a series of connections containing…

Medium

CVE-1999-1132

Windows NT 4.0 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) via extra source routing data such as (1) a Routing Information Field (RIF) field with a hop count greater than 7, or (2) a…

Medium

CVE-1999-1157

Tcpip.sys in Windows NT 4.0 before SP4 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via an ICMP Subnet Mask Address Request packet, when certain multiple IP addresses are bound to the same ne…

High

CVE-1999-1206

SystemSoft SystemWizard package in HP Pavilion PC with Windows 98, and possibly other platforms and operating systems, installs two ActiveX controls that are marked as safe for scripting, which allow…

Medium

CVE-1999-1222

Netbt.sys in Windows NT 4.0 allows remote malicious DNS servers to cause a denial of service (crash) by returning 0.0.0.0 as the IP address for a DNS host name lookup.

Low

CVE-1999-1294

Office Shortcut Bar (OSB) in Windows 3.51 enables backup and restore permissions, which are inherited by programs such as File Manager that are started from the Shortcut Bar, which could allow local…

High

CVE-1999-1316

Passfilt.dll in Windows NT SP2 allows users to create a password that contains the user's name, which could make it easier for an attacker to guess.

Medium

CVE-1999-1317

Windows NT 4.0 SP4 and earlier allows local users to gain privileges by modifying the symbolic link table in the \?? object folder using a different case letter (upper or lower) to point to a differe…

Medium

CVE-1999-1358

When an administrator in Windows NT or Windows 2000 changes a user policy, the policy is not properly updated if the local ntconfig.pol is not writable by the user, which could allow local users to b…